NAME

eval - catch exceptions or compile code

SYNOPSIS

eval EXPR

eval BLOCK

DESCRIPTION

EXPR is parsed and executed as if it were a little Perl program. It is executed in the context of the current Perl program, so that any variable settings or subroutine and format definitions remain afterwards. The value returned is the value of the last expression evaluated, or a return statement may be used, just as with subroutines. The last expression is evaluated in scalar or array context, depending on the context of the eval.

If there is a syntax error or runtime error, or a die statement is executed, an undefined value is returned by eval, and $@ is set to the error message. If there was no error, $@ is guaranteed to be a null string. If EXPR is omitted, evaluates $_. The final semicolon, if any, may be omitted from the expression. Beware that using eval neither silences perl from printing warnings to STDERR, nor does it stuff the text of warning messages into $@. To do either of those, you have to use the $SIG{__WARN__} facility. See warn and the perlvar manpage.

Note that, because eval traps otherwise-fatal errors, it is useful for determining whether a particular feature (such as socket or symlink) is implemented. It is also Perl's exception trapping mechanism, where the die operator is used to raise exceptions.

If the code to be executed doesn't vary, you may use the eval-BLOCK form to trap run-time errors without incurring the penalty of recompiling each time. The error, if any, is still returned in $@. Examples:

    # make divide-by-zero non-fatal
    eval { $answer = $a / $b; }; warn $@ if $@;

    # same thing, but less efficient
    eval '$answer = $a / $b'; warn $@ if $@;

    # a compile-time error
    eval { $answer = };

    # a run-time error
    eval '$answer =';	# sets $@

When using the eval{} form as an exception trap in libraries, you may wish not to trigger any __DIE__ hooks that user code may have installed. You can use the local $SIG{__DIE__} construct for this purpose, as shown in this example:

    # a very private exception trap for divide-by-zero
    eval { local $SIG{'__DIE__'}; $answer = $a / $b; }; warn $@ if $@;

This is especially significant, given that __DIE__ hooks can call die again, which has the effect of changing their error messages:

    # __DIE__ hooks may modify error messages
    {
       local $SIG{'__DIE__'} = sub { (my $x = $_[0]) =~ s/foo/bar/g; die $x };
       eval { die "foo foofs here" };
       print $@ if $@;                # prints "bar barfs here"
    }

With an eval, you should be especially careful to remember what's being looked at when:

    eval $x;		# CASE 1
    eval "$x";		# CASE 2

    eval '$x';		# CASE 3
    eval { $x };	# CASE 4

    eval "\$$x++"	# CASE 5
    $$x++;		# CASE 6

Cases 1 and 2 above behave identically: they run the code contained in the variable $x. (Although case 2 has misleading double quotes making the reader wonder what else might be happening (nothing is).) Cases 3 and 4 likewise behave in the same way: they run the code '$x', which does nothing but return the value of $x. (Case 4 is preferred for purely visual reasons, but it also has the advantage of compiling at compile-time instead of at run-time.) Case 5 is a place where normally you WOULD like to use double quotes, except that in that particular situation, you can just use symbolic references instead, as in case 6.